Changes may occur gradually or rapidly. University courses on literature and environmental issues may include climate change fiction in their syllabi. However, its results suggest that dystopic climate narratives might lead to support for reactionary responses to climate change. [330], In the 1950s, Gilbert Plass created a detailed computer model that included different atmospheric layers and the infrared spectrum and found that increasing CO2 levels would cause warming. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. 23. [229] Meanwhile, nuclear power costs are increasing amidst stagnant power share, so that nuclear power generation is now several times more expensive per megawatt-hour than wind and solar. [284] Associated parties aimed to limit the increase in global mean temperature to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F). More highly educated people, and in some countries women and younger people, were more likely to see climate change as a serious threat. [55] The remainder of the additional energy has melted ice and warmed the continents and the atmosphere. Many of these impacts are already felt at the current level of warming, which is about 1.1 °C (2.0 °F). [261] Climate change is strongly linked to sustainable development. [231] Investment in coal would be eliminated and coal use nearly phased out by 2050. [236] The use of hazardous materials has been raised as an additional concern with solar power. [163] Higher atmospheric CO2 levels and an extended growing season have resulted in global greening, whereas heatwaves and drought have reduced ecosystem productivity in some regions. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change, since the mid-20th century, humans have had unprecedented impact on Earth's climate system and caused change on a global scale.[2]. [290] As of December 2020[update], 193 states and the European Union have signed the treaty and 188 states and the EU have ratified or acceded to the agreement. Climate fiction (sometimes shortened cli-fi) is literature that deals with climate change and global warming. [103] Present-day volcanic CO2 emissions are equivalent to less than 1% of current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As these surfaces flip from reflecting a lot of light to being dark after the ice has melted, they start absorbing more heat. [312], Public debate about climate change has been strongly affected by climate change denial and misinformation, which originated in the United States and has since spread to other countries, particularly Canada and Australia. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or with any other assignments, it is no problem for us. If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Success Essays is the right place to get it. [303] Consensus has further developed that some form of action should be taken to protect people against the impacts of climate change, and national science academies have called on world leaders to cut global emissions. [186] Other major health risks associated with climate change include air and water quality. "[28], A survey of readers found that readers of climate fiction "are younger, more liberal, and more concerned about climate change than nonreaders," and that climate fiction "reminds concerned readers of the severity of climate change while impelling them to imagine environmental futures and consider the impact of climate change on human and nonhuman life. Drought and high temperatures worsened the 2020 bushfires in Australia. [179] Climate change risks are unevenly distributed, but are generally greater for disadvantaged people in developing and developed countries. The dawn of a technological revolution, combined with climate challenges, heralds a major anthropological transition. [189] Crop production will probably be negatively affected in low-latitude countries, while effects at northern latitudes may be positive or negative. [64] Attribution of recent climate change shows that the primary driver is elevated greenhouse gases, but that aerosols also have a strong effect. [107] The primary balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation in response to rising surface temperature. [3] Fossil fuel burning (coal, oil, and gas) for energy consumption is the main source of these emissions, with additional contributions from agriculture, deforestation, and industrial processes. [76] Additional CO2 emissions come from deforestation and industrial processes, which include the CO2 released by the chemical reactions for making cement, steel, aluminum, and fertilizer. [292], The 1987 Montreal Protocol, an international agreement to stop emitting ozone-depleting gases, may have been more effective at curbing greenhouse gas emissions than the Kyoto Protocol specifically designed to do so. [183] Young children are the most vulnerable to food shortages, and together with older people, to extreme heat. Droughts, rising temperatures, and extreme weather negatively impact agriculture. Shown: Telly, Mali. However, SRM would raise significant ethical and legal issues, and its risks of unwanted effects are poorly understood. [213] This will require far-reaching, systemic changes on an unprecedented scale in energy, land, cities, transport, buildings, and industry. Adaptation alone cannot avert the risk of "severe, widespread and irreversible" impacts. [90], While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming. [269] Subsidies could also be redirected to support the transition to clean energy. The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but also more snow area and sea ice, because of how the land masses are arranged around the Arctic Ocean. [296] In November 2019 the European Parliament declared a "climate and environmental emergency",[297] and the European Commission presented its European Green Deal with the goal of making the EU carbon-neutral by 2050. [119], Future warming depends on the strengths of climate feedbacks and on emissions of greenhouse gases. [169] Ocean acidification is impacting organisms who produce shells and skeletons, such as mussels and barnacles, and coral reefs; coral reefs have seen extensive bleaching after heat waves. Ecological collapse. [150] While ice-free summers are expected to be rare at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) degrees of warming, they are set to occur once every three to ten years at a warming level of 2.0 °C (3.6 °F). [235] Environmental and land use concerns are sometimes associated with large solar, wind and hydropower projects. [96] Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. [42] Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, did not occur at the same time across different regions, but temperatures may have reached as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions. [162], Recent warming has driven many terrestrial and freshwater species poleward and towards higher altitudes. Senate. [253] While some adaptation responses call for trade-offs, others bring synergies and co-benefits. Shown: Venice, Italy. [207], Agricultural changes. anthropogenic definition: 1. caused by humans or their activities: 2. caused by humans or their activities: . Sea-level rise increases flooding in low-lying coastal regions. [182] Various infectious diseases are more easily transmitted in a warmer climate, such as dengue fever, which affects children most severely, and malaria. [180], Health impacts include both the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life,[181] as well as indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures. Ian McEwan's Solar (2010) follows the story of a physicist who discovers a way to fight climate change after managing to derive power from artificial photosynthesis. [252], Adaptation is "the process of adjustment to current or expected changes in climate and its effects". [190] Up to an additional 183 million people worldwide, particularly those with lower incomes, are at risk of hunger as a consequence of these impacts. ", "Large uncertainty in carbon uptake potential of land-based climate-change mitigation efforts", "Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals", "The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming", "Species better track climate warming in the oceans than on land", "Do Models and Observations Disagree on the Rainfall Response to Global Warming? Unlike Kyoto, no binding emission targets were set in the Paris Agreement. [330] From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO2 levels increasing,[331] but his calculations met the same objections. [109], As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture. FILMMAKERS WITHOUT BORDERS (FWB) supports independent filmmakers around the world via grants and other funding initiatives. [50] Another key indicator is the cooling of the upper atmosphere, which demonstrates that greenhouse gases are trapping heat near the Earth's surface and preventing it from radiating into space. Climate fiction (sometimes shortened cli-fi) is literature that deals with climate change and global warming. Dan Bloom has been an influential figure in the development of "cli-fi" as a distinct genre. [118] Climate change can also increase methane emissions from wetlands, marine and freshwater systems, and permafrost. [122] Models also include changes in the Earth's orbit, historical changes in the Sun's activity, and volcanic forcing. [92], Humans change the Earth's surface mainly to create more agricultural land. [63] For example, solar forcing can be ruled out as major cause because its fingerprint is warming in the entire atmosphere, and only the lower atmosphere has warmed, as expected from greenhouse gases (which trap heat energy radiating from the surface). [217] To reduce pressures on ecosystems and enhance their carbon sequestration capabilities, changes would also be necessary in sectors such as forestry and agriculture. Climate Focus Client Brief on the Paris Agreement III", Warming projections global update, December 2019, Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene, The missing economic risks in assessments of climate change impacts, "The climate regime from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or sinking the Kyoto Protocol? ", UNFCCC, "What are United Nations Climate Change Conferences? [238] Hydropower growth has been slowing and is set to decline further due to concerns about social and environmental impacts. [138], The remaining carbon emissions budget is determined by modelling the carbon cycle and the climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases. [315] Many who deny, dismiss, or hold unwarranted doubt about the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change are labelled as "climate change skeptics", which several scientists have noted is a misnomer. [275], Nearly all countries in the world are parties to the 1994 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In his posthumous Paris in the Twentieth Century, written in 1883 and set during the 1960s, the titular city experiences a sudden drop in temperature, which lasts for three years. [40] Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) per decade. Also remember to state the exact time the writer should take to do your revision. [165] The size and speed of global warming is making abrupt changes in ecosystems more likely. Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices. [110] Overall, the net cloud feedback over the industrial era has probably exacerbated temperature rise. [30] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, set up in 1988 to provide formal advice to the world's governments, spurred interdisciplinary research. Deforestation can also contribute to changing temperatures by affecting the release of aerosols and other chemical compounds that influence clouds, and by changing wind patterns. The connection between the two is recognized in the Sustainable Development Goal 13 which is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". [144] The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons is likely increasing. [104], The response of the climate system to an initial forcing is modified by feedbacks: increased by self-reinforcing feedbacks and reduced by balancing feedbacks. [307] Scientists have issued two warnings to humanity, in 2017 and 2019, expressing concern about the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change, and about untold human suffering as a consequence. [330] Scientists alerted the public,[332] and the dangers were highlighted at James Hansen's 1988 Congressional testimony. [142] Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. Mild winters allow more pine beetles to survive to kill large swaths of forest. [210], Heat wave intensification. [318] Strategies to promote these ideas include criticism of scientific institutions,[319] and questioning the motives of individual scientists. Droughts, rising temperatures, and extreme weather negatively impact agriculture. [85] Aerosol removal by precipitation gives tropospheric aerosols an atmospheric lifetime of only about a week, while stratospheric aerosols can remain in the atmosphere for a few years. [135] Fossil fuel resources are too abundant for shortages to be relied on to limit carbon emissions in the 21st century. Bleaching has damaged the Great Barrier Reef and threatens reefs worldwide. [289] The Paris Agreement reiterated that developing countries must be financially supported. In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. [11] Michael Crichton's State of Fear (2004), a techno-thriller portrays climate change as "a vast pseudo-scientific hoax" and is critical of scientific opinion on climate change. [3] This body of literature has been discussed by a variety of publications, including The New York Times, The Guardian, and Dissent magazine, among other international media outlets. [286] As of 2020[update], the fund has failed to reach its expected target, and risks a shrinkage in its funding. 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